More harvest! Del Monte discards too many peaches?

These are all "yellow cling peaches." Peaches you usually find on grocery aisles are "free stone" peaches where the flesh of the fruit doesn't stick to the stone. But, peaches grown in our ranch are all cling-stone peaches. These are supposed to be more flavorful (smell beautiful), less juicy, more firm and just as sweet if not sweeter. In summary, yellow cling peaches are way better tasting than freestone peaches. So, look for them in whole foods or specialty produce stores.

We supply all of our peaches to Del Monte, which cans them in a nearby factory. 

It seems as though they discard a lot of peaches, but in fact it is a minuscule percentage of picked fruit and are considered of "inferior quality" by Del Monte. However, I just don't understand why the pickers are not trained to leave them on the trees.  

All these picked peaches are going to their Modesto Canning facility where they are going to remove the skin, pit them, slice them up and store them up in 10 lb cans. I am told, these cans will be utilized all throughout the coming year for mixing in yogurts, making small fruit cups, etc.

Almond harvest and "Shaker Blight"

Peach harvest involves farm workers going around in the orchard from tree to tree and picking fruit by hand. Nothing new..

But, almonds are harvested in an entirely new (to me!) way. By shaking the trees. Yes. 

1. A shaker head attaches to the tree trunk to shake the nuts from the tree. 
2. The nuts fall to the ground, are left to dry. 
3. Later, they are blown from around the tree and swept into windrows. 
4. A pickup machine gathers the nuts from the windrow and loads them into a truck.

Personally, it pains to see the trees being shaked. It cannot be a pleasant experience for them, right? 

So, I did some research and talked to farming experts like  Prof Roger Duncan on what kind of "side effects" shaking has. It turns out, "Shaker Blight" has been a major problem for almonds, although this has been remedied by recent improvements in the equipment design. 

The major problem shakers cause is "barking" or slipped bark. That results from improper clamp pressure or movement of the rig after clamping. Modern shakers automatically lock the brakes when clamping pressure is achieved and this has reduced the incidence of slipped bark. A shaker is capable of shaking off a lot of twigs, but the duration and strength of the shake are variables that can be controlled to minimize this. Less energy is applied to young trees. 

Infrequently a limb will break off, but these are usually limbs that were cracked or otherwise damaged and destined to break off anyway. 

The biggest variable affecting the amount of damage is the operator. 

Experience and desire to do a good job are important. Most of our shaker business goes to Mr. Randy Bennett. He owns two machines that he and his son and one employee operate. We like him.

Almonds splitting! Dry weather helps!!

In case you were wondering about that tall white structure, it is our bountiful ground water well. We don't really use it because we are in good water district (Turlock Irrigation District), but it could come in handy if California faces a long, drawn-out drought. Always good to have multiple water sources.

You hardly see many weeds on the ground. That's because Carpenter ranch is micro-sprinkler irrigated.

It's not exclusive to Ants and Acacia trees..

You might have heard it. Ants and Acacia trees have a mutually beneficial agreement. Acacia tree provides its sugar rich sap and shelter to ants. Ants, in turn, protect acacia tree from grasshoppers and weeds.

In fact, every plant and tree on the planet forms symbiotic relationship with soil microbes for its survival.

Plants grow by trading things they produce from photosynthesis (plant sugars) for things excreted by the soil microbes (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.).

In the process of photosynthesis, light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy held within the bonds of the molecules of sugars produced. Most of the nutrients for plant growth come from the soil microbes which trade these nutrients for the carbon-based sugars produced by the plant’s photosynthesis. The plant exudes these sugars from its roots and attracts the soil biota. This all takes place in a 2 millimeter area around the roots (called the rhizosphere).

This is perfect. Plants need the nutrients like nitrogen and the soil biota need the carbon-based sugars and the chemical energy.

It is a trading economy that has been in place since the beginning of life on Earth.

Soil microbes include various kinds of bacteria, fungi and protozoa. The big microbes (like protozoa) eat the little ones (bacteria). This makes the nutrients in the bacteria’s body (most importantly, Nitrogen) available to plants through the feces of the bigger microbes.

All Carbon-based life forms generally have a ratio of Carbon to Nitrogen of around 25 to 1, but bacteria are very Nitrogen-rich and have a Carbon to Nitrogen ratio of around 5 to 1. So, a big microbe (maybe a protozoa) needs to eat 5 bacteria to get 25 atoms of Carbon, but if it does it will get 5 atoms of Nitrogen. This is 4 more than it needs, so the extra Nitrogen is excreted and becomes available to plant roots. Luckily, the plants have been clever enough to attract the microbes to the rhizospere by offering all those sugars, so it is easy to get the Nitrogen.

At work in almond orchard!!

In the pictures, you can see Prof. Roger Duncan, who is considered to be the most prolific researcher and the highest authority in matters of growing almonds. He always comes down to help a new almond grower (me!) and never takes any fee. Thank you, Roger!

Gophers, Squirrels and Rabbits? Oh, my!!

So, I was taking a course on orchard management. One important aspect of it was "vertebrate pest management." 

Orchards provide food and shelter for small animals that can cause significant damage:

• Squirrels feed on fruit and on tree bark and shoots, which can stunt growth or even kill trees. 
• Rabbits will chew on flexible irrigation lines and emitters. 
• Gophers will dig holes through the soil surface, thereby channeling surface irrigation water to undesired areas. 
• Food safety also becomes an issue if pest residues come into contact with the fruit. 

The major vertebrate pests apparently are pocket gophers, California ground squirrel, and black-tailed jackrabbit. 

Management programs for vertebrate pests involve 4 basic steps:

1. Correctly identify the pest species using damage signs, burrows or habitat, tracks, feces, etc.
2. Modify the habitat to make the area less favorable to the pest species.
3. Implement appropriate control. Includes baiting, fencing, shooting or trapping.  Use due consideration for the environment and non-target species.
4. Establish a monitoring system so as to detect re-infestation.

It is much easier to manage vertebrate pests by implementing controls on the orchard's perimeter versus inside the orchard.

I am so glad we have a strong fence around our ranch. I really hope we don't have to deal with these small creatures.

blacktailed jackrabbit:

pocket gopher:

Pre-harvest pooja (prayer)!

Peach harvest!

More than 90% of the US cling-stone peach production and 70% of the freestone peach production occur in California. Our ranch is all cling-stone peaches. Freestone peaches are grown primarily for fresh market and cling peaches mainly for canning.

The last pic you see are nectarines. The previous ranch owner grew a small patch containing various kinds of stone fruit trees for fun, I guess. This tree is one of them.
 

Pleasant surprise at peach orchard!

Who knew? Perhaps because of winter, I didn't notice that the ranch's previous owner was growing vines as a privacy hedge(?) behind the mobile house. Well, we could always use organic table grapes, right?

How to correctly deliver the exact specified dose of pesticide spray per acre?

When applying pesticide sprays, we need to carefully calibrate the tractor mounted sprayer to deliver the exact amount of liquid per minute to ensure proper spray coverage. Typically, you can adjust the sprayer to deliver a required volume of liquid per minute. We use the following formula to calculate the outflow amount (in GPM gallons per minute) of nozzle bank (manifold) to achieve desired gallons of spray per acre (gpa).

GPM = (GPA x MPH x Row Spacing) / 1000

Example:

Row Spacing (trunk to trunk distance) = 22 feet

Gallons of spray per acre (GPA)          = 100 [as recommended by pest control adviser]
Desired ground speed (MPH)               = 2 mph

Let's calculate GPM = (100 x 2 x 22) / 1000 = 4.4

So this means, we need to set the nozzle to deliver 4.4 gallons per minute from one side to achieve 100 gpa at 2mph speed as required.

June sprays 3: MICRO SULFUR for Mildew control

MICRO SULFUR controls that white powdery fungus you occasionally see on leaves -- Preventative, I think! I am not sure, but mildew can appear on fruit as well.

Still learning.. But I am surprised how many sprays we have to do in preparation for harvest season. Perhaps one day, we ll convert to organic or farm something else.

June sprays 2: APOLLO for Mite Control

It doesn't hurt to repeat it. No matter what spray we use on our orchards, it is HIGHLY imperative that they do not harm bees or natural enemy populations of target organism.

APOLLO acts by inhibiting of the respiratory system development in the mites eggs, preventing hatching and thus further mite infestation of crops. 

APOLLO is highly selective not detrimental to bees as well as beneficial insects and predatory mites like Black Ladybird Beetle (cool name for a bug, right?).

Here are spider mites on peach leaves.

June sprays 1: ALTACOR for Peach Twig Borer (PTB)

This is one of the sprays Gary and Elsa suggested we apply to Peach trees.

In spring, PTB larvae bore into buds and developing shoots causing them to wilt and die. Larvae of the summer generations attack the fruit, usually making several entry holes near the stem end. Damaged fruit and twigs exude gum. See the pictures below.

So, meet ALTACOR.

ALTACOR controls Peach Twig Borer (PTB) and Oriental Fruit Moth (OFM). Apparently, this is highly selective and is perfectly safe for honeybees and other beneficial bugs.

Young peach..

Thinning peaches..

Imagine you go to each peach tree. Look at the clusters of developing fruit. Nip some of them and throw them away on the ground. That's thinning.

What a disturbing concept, right? Why would anyone throw away some fruit? That's what I thought when I first heard of Thinning. And on top of that, you pay workers to do this?

But, fruit thinning is a crucial step in consistently producing good quality fruit.
Here's a sales lesson:
6 extra-large peaches sell better than 24 extra-small peaches. ALWAYS.
So, what do you do? Nip away 18 peaches in a cluster so the tree can focus its energy towards growing the remaining 6 fruit into nice, extra-large peaches.

Fruit trees will often set more fruit than is needed for a full crop. Several undesirable things can happen.

• Excessive weight from the fruit can cause tree limbs to break. 
• Excessive fruit set often will result in small fruit with poor flavor. 
• Excessive fruit set also can result in alternate bearing in which a tree will produce little or no fruit in the year following a large fruit crop.

So, it's all right to pick and throw away all that fruit.

Taking a break! But work goes on!!

Spring!

21-0-0. It's all about Nitrogen.

It's time to fertilize peach orchard.

We are going with fertilizer 21-0-0. It's just Ammonium Sulphate, primarily adds Nitrogen to the soil.

All fertilizer have a label in the form of N-P-K (Nitrogen- Phosphorus- Potassium).

21-0-0 is 21% nitrogen with some amount of micro-nutrient sulfur.

Did you know that about 80 percent of the air you breathe is nitrogen? It's true. In fact, every acre of land in the world is covered by thousands of tons of Nitrogen. Not an ounce of that N can be used by crop plants until it is changed by natural processes or by commercial fertilizer production. Through various processes of 'fixation,' gaseous atmospheric N is changed to a plant-usable forms: ammonium and nitrate.

Nitrogen is essential to promote vegetative growth as it is a crucial part of chlorophyll. More nitrogen means more chlorophyll. More chlorophyll means more photosynthesis. More photosynthesis means more growth, more fruit. As simple as that.

As per the Sulphate part of 21-0-0, when fertilizers containing elemental sulfur are added to soils, microorganisms in the soil convert it to sulfate-sulfur which is the only form plants can consume. Sulfur is used up in making plant proteins. I think..

Picnic time..

Turtle or Rabbit mode? Notes on driving a tractor

• Clutching: Always press the clutch pedal down to the floor.
• De-clutching: Release the clutch very slowly.
• Yes, our Kubota tractors have turtle/rabbit lever. Set it before you start your drive. When applying sprays on the orchard, it's always the turtle mode.
• Be very mindful of ditches on the road, however small they are. Tractor ride is kinda jerky as it is. A rule of thumb: If there is a 1 foot ditch, you have to maintain your tractor at least 1 foot away from it. If it's a 2 ft embankment, then stay back 2 ft away from its edge. If you go too close, the weight of the tractor might collapse the ditch.

Peach Bloom